Greenhouse gases 2007
According to the results of greenhouse gases inventory in Kazakhstan total gas emissions with direct greenhouse effect in 2007 without absorption of CO2 by forestry amounted 246.74 mln. t CO2-eq, including 189.71 mln. t of emission from total energy sector, 18.52 mln. t from industrial processes, 14.35 mln. t from agriculture, and 4.6 mln. t from wastes. Absorption of CO2 by forestry and land usage sector in 2007 amounted 9.2 mln. t, as shown in Table 1.
Thus, net-emissions, taking into account CO2 absorption by LULUCF, were valued at 237.54 mln. t CO2-eq. Total emissions of CO2 in 2007 make up 208.23 mln. t without CO2 absorption by forestry, and taking into account – 199.03 mln. t.
Table 1 – Total emissions of gases with direct greenhouse effect in Kazakhstan, mln. t CO2-eq
| IPCC sources categories |
1990
|
1992
|
1994
|
2000
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
| CO2 |
238,3 |
261,2 |
243,7 |
137,3 |
186,3 |
193,3 |
208,23 |
| Energy activity |
220,1 |
246,3 |
236,5 |
126,6 |
170,2 |
178 |
189,71 |
| Fuel combustion |
216,8 |
243 |
233,9 |
120,3 |
163,7 |
171,3 |
184,51 |
| Volatile emissions |
3,3 |
3,3 |
2,6 |
6,3 |
6,5 |
6,7 |
5,2 |
| Industrial processes |
18,3 |
14,9 |
7,2 |
10,7 |
16,1 |
15,3 |
18,52 |
| Land tenure change and forestry |
-8,1 |
-7,1 |
-4,8 |
-7,1 |
-5,9 |
-7,5 |
-9,2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CH4 |
65,15 |
58,34 |
44,82 |
23,13 |
33,63 |
38,41 |
35,41 |
| Energy activity |
40,6 |
34,7 |
25,1 |
10,0 |
17,6 |
19,4 |
18,3 |
| Fuel combustion |
39 |
32,8 |
23,9 |
9,6 |
17 |
18,6 |
17,5 |
| Volatile emissions |
1,6 |
1,9 |
1,2 |
0,4 |
0,6 |
0,8 |
0,8 |
| Industrial processes |
0,05 |
0,04 |
0,02 |
0,03 |
0,03 |
0,01 |
0,01 |
| Agriculture |
20,9 |
20,2 |
16,7 |
9,1 |
11,7 |
14,5 |
12,9 |
| Wastes |
3,6 |
3,4 |
3 |
4 |
4,3 |
4,5 |
4,2 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| N2O |
4,2 |
4,1 |
3,4 |
1,8 |
2,3 |
2,9 |
3,1 |
| Energy activity |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,9 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
| Fuel combustion |
0,8 |
0,9 |
0,9 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
| Agriculture |
2,2 |
1,9 |
1,1 |
0,7 |
0,9 |
1,3 |
1,5 |
| Wastes |
0,4 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
0,4 |
0,4 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total emission |
307,65 |
323,64 |
291,92 |
162,23 |
222,23 |
234,61 |
246,74 |
| Net-emissions (sources and effluent) |
299,55 |
316,54 |
287,12 |
155,13 |
216,33 |
227,11 |
237,54 |
Figure 1: Dynamic of GHG emissions from sources of all categories from 1990 to 2007.
Dynamic of joint anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions by IPCC sectors (in CO2-eq) is shown on Figure 1 and Table 1. From 1990 up to 2000 in the Republic of Kazakhstan reduction of GHG emissions took place in all sectors because of total economic situation in the country. In 2000 total national emissions were for 49% below 1990 year level and for 51% below 1992 year level. Despite the present growth of GHG emissions, total greenhouse gases emissions in 2007 remain significantly below 1990 year level. Distribution of emissions by sectors changed insignificantly during period 1990-2007. in accordance to a share in total emissions energy sector emissions prevail – in 1992 and 2007 their share came to 80% and 79.4% correspondingly. Detailed analysis of dynamic of GHG emissions by sectors is given in corresponding chapters of the report. It is necessary to point out that data about emissions and absorption, included in this cadastre, slightly differs from data in the First National Communication of Republic of Kazakhstan at UNFCCC (FNC), presented in 1998, because of improvements made in estimations since the development of FNC. According to the demands of UNFCCC guiding documents improvements of the cadastre will be continued in future.
The share of each source to the total national emissions is presented on the Figure 2. it is obvious that during whole period main source of GHG emissions in Kazakhstan is energy activity, share of which almost didn’t change in time and in 2007 makes up 82.6%. Industrial processes are on the second place of share, which contribution slightly increased from 5.5% in 1990 to 5% in 2007, and share of emissions from the “Wastes” category during the concerned period has been in the limits of 1.4-1.6% correspondingly.
Figure 2: Shares of categories of emission sources in total national GHG emissions, in %
The dynamic of CO2 emissions from main categories of GHG emissions sources in Kazakhstan is shown in the Table 2.
Table 2 – CO2 emissions by categories of sources in Kazakhstan, mln t
| Years/Source category |
1990 |
1992 |
1994 |
2000 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
| Energy activity |
259,9 |
280 |
261,3 |
136,6 |
187,7 |
188,2 |
189,71 |
| Industrial processes |
18,3 |
14,9 |
7,2 |
10,7 |
16,1 |
15,3 |
18,5 |
| Total |
278,2 |
294,9 |
268,5 |
147,3 |
203,8 |
203,5 |
208,21 |
It is obvious from Table 2 data that emissions of CO2 main greenhouse gas in Kazakhstan formed in as a result of activity connected to fuel combustion and as a result of some technological processes at the industrial sector without fuel combustion. Significant that contribution of energy activity during whole period prevails over CO2 share from industrial processes and makes up 91-97% of total CO2 emissions. In Kazakhstan total specific GHG emissions in 2007 amounted about 15.8 t per capita, of which CO2 accounts for 13.37 t.
In 2006 in Nairobi (Kenya) at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in the list of other issues issue of Kazakhstan’s base year for subsequent greenhouse gases inventories was discussed by the request of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has informed the Parties that it would like to have as a base year 1992 – the first year of independence, when statistical data is more precise, in our opinion. That is why in the given report we make comparisons with 1992. In 2007 GHG emissions without stock made up 72.4% of the 1992 year level.
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